Wood’s strength depends on the direction of the grain. The technical term for this variance is “orthotropic,” which means having different strengths in three planes perpendicular to each other. An ...

When we think of woodworking, we think of either nails or wood screws to connect the pieces. However, in many instances, through-bolts can provide greater strength and stability. A through-bolt is a ...

Design engineers routinely rely on bolted joints, yet most guidance focuses on axial stiffness—often overlooking moment (pitch) stiffness, which can dominate compliance in ...