Functional integral equations constitute a broad class of problems in which an unknown function appears under an integral sign. These equations play a pivotal role in modelling complex phenomena in ...

Stochastic Volterra integral equations provide a powerful framework for modelling systems in which memory effects and hereditary properties play a central role. These equations extend the classical ...

Analogue computer: Brian Edwards (left), Nader Engheta (centre) and Nasim Mohammadi Estakhri show-off their microwave protoype. (Courtesy: Eric Sucar/University of Pennsylvania) Metamaterials have ...

When integrating simple expressions, the constant of integration, the \(+ c\) term, may remain an unknown. The value of \(c\) can be worked out when additional information is given in the question, .