High-speed analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) and digital-to-analog converters (DACs) typically are characterized using continuous wave (CW) signals. There are several reasons for this practice: 1) ...

A signal generator, a general-purpose piece of test equipment, performs numerous measurements for a variety of applications requiring electromagnetic wave signals as stimuli. Its roots trace back to ...

Modern wireless communications are using increasingly wide bandwidth-modulation schemes, and packet communications are getting faster. Transmissions are increasingly time-varying. Radios often ...

Ever increasing data-transmission speeds coupled with the need to contend with higher-order modulation schemes are presenting optical-communications test-and-measurement challenges. Products ranging ...

A candidate for modernized GNSS civil signals in the L1/E1 band was BOC(1,1), a binary-offset-carrier signal with a “split spectrum” that has negligible impact on the existing GPS signals. However, a ...

Copper cabling has been the workhorse for moving data inside of AI and HPC data centers, but fiber is nipping at its heels. Optics brings three possible bandwidth multipliers — wavelength-division ...

The distribution of content involves the need to adapt digital information to its means of carriage — what we typically call transmission — and to understand that fully, we need to understand the ...

A direct modulation bandwidth of 66 GHz has been achieved from two daisy-chained VCSELs, and the principle could be scaled up to reach over 100 GHz. An international research team has shown that a ...

Amateur radio license exams typically have a question about the bandwidths taken up by various modulation types. The concept behind the question is pretty obvious — as guardians of the spectrum, ...